Thank you for your explanation!
A few follow-up questions:
¬ What more specific changes could potentially made to solve the issues?
¬ How could terminals be redesigned to increase capacity?
¬ On the subject of physical limitations, could current infrastructure be altered to reduce bottlenecks?
¬ Are the majority of the issues managerial or the aforementioned infrastructural limitations?
Just my own take:
I am by no means knowledgeable about the field of rapid transit but as someone who has crawled into Dekalb from Atlantic on the Q in the mornings, sat at a red signal for 2-3 minutes before moving once again, and has watched as their local C overtook the A on the express track and even managed to beat the A from 86 (where the A train passed on the express as our train was leaving) to 59th and again to 34th, something is amiss. Common sense would dictate that taking express trains would provide a faster ride than a local but more often than not I find myself choosing local over express. Not a totally relevant example but nonetheless: The 6:51 from Centre Av to Penn usually takes about 40-45 minutes to get from the previously mentioned stations. However, the 6:24 to Atlantic which there is a direct connection to Penn takes 35-40. Most people would then assume the 624 is an express but in fact it calls at Lynbrook, Valley, Rosedale, Laurelton, Locust, Jamaica, (connect express to Penn) (Rosedale, Laureton, and Locust Manor usually take longer to board because of the amount of people boarding) Whereas the 651 calls at only Lynbrook, Valley, Jamaica, Penn (Faster boarding times than 624, too, because fewer passengers)